My areas of research include Theoretical Linguistics, Psycholinguistics, Dialectology and Translation and Interpretation. In particular, I focus on the following issues (i.) data collection standards in linguistic theory; (ii.) dialectal variation in Spanish; and (iii.) word order variation and the limits natural language imposes on it. Other issues that I work on are subjecthood, ellipsis, the relationship between syntax and gesture and Educational Interpreting of Spoken Languages. For a list of my publications dealing with these topics, see below.
My book Focus-related Operations at the Right Edge in Spanish: Subjects and Ellipsis, was published by John Benjamins in 2016. A second book, Data Representativity and Granularity in Spanish Syntax, has been published by Routledge. My work has also appeared in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory and Lingua (both Q1 journals in the Scimago Journal Rank), The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics and the Routledge Handbook of Syntax. I am a twice recipient of the UofM Summer Research Stimulus Grant and a collaborator in the grant projects ‘Estructura informativa en su interfaz sintáctico-semántica: Comparación de lenguas románicas y germánicas (INFOSTARS),’ PI: Ángel Luis Jiménez Fernández (Universidad de Sevilla), PCG2018-093774-B100, and ‘Microparameters and Networks in Romance Variation (MiNeRVa),” PI’s: Ángel Gallego (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) and Jaume Mateu (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), PID2021-123617NB-C41, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain.
Academia profile page Research Gate page Google scholar page Curriculum vitae
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-7329
Data collection in linguistic theory
I study the differences in data collection and analysis across subfields of linguistics (Psycholinguistics, Generative Grammar and Variationism) and how those differences inform syntactic analysis as well as debates on the representativity of the data used in each subfield. The ultimate goal of this interdisciplinary work is to promote the unification of the language sciences. The following publications focus on these issues:
- 2024 Data Representativity and Granularity in Spanish Syntax. New York: Routledge.
- 2021 Dialect distance and data assessment in Chilean, Venezuelan and Puerto Rican Spanish. Brandon
M. A. Rogers and Mauricio A. Figueroa Candia (Eds.), Chilean Spanish Linguistics: Studies on
Variation, Innovation, Contact, and Identity. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press. 451-478. - 2020 La fiabilidad de los juicios de gramaticalidad en los estudios de sintaxis del español (The reliability of acceptability judgments in Spanish syntax). Cuadernos de la ALFAL 12, 567-589.
- 2019 Gallego, Á, I. Ortega-Santos (eds.). Theoretical Syntax at the Crossroads: Big Data, Citizen
Science and Crowdsourcing. Research Topic in Frontiers in Psychology 10. - 2019 Ortega-Santos, I., L. Reglero and J. Franco. Wh-Islands in L2 Spanish and L2 English: Between
Poverty of the Stimulus and Data Assessment. Fontes Lingvæ Vasconvm stvdia et docvmenta 126, 435-471. - 2019 Crowdsourcing for Hispanic Linguistics: Amazon’s Mechanical Turk as a source of Spanish data.
Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 8, 187-215.
The following 2021 talk at the Roger Martin Lectures (IALA) addresses these issues:
Dialectal variation in Spanish
Linguistic variation is a crucial feature of natural language, whether linked to geographical distance, differences in style or identity. The following publications focus on this issue:
- 2022 Is Chilean Spanish a Canonical pro-drop Variety? On Subjecthood in Chilean Spanish. To appear in C. Rodrigues, A. Saab (eds.), Formal Approaches to Languages of South America. New York: Springer.
- 2021 Dialect distance and data assessment in Chilean, Venezuelan and Puerto Rican Spanish. Brandon
M. A. Rogers and Mauricio A. Figueroa Candia (eds.), Chilean Spanish Linguistics: Studies on
Variation, Innovation, Contact, and Identity. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press. 451-478. - 2021 Gallego, Á., B. Camus, R. Etxepare, I. Ortega-Santos, D. Pescarini, F. Roca, J. Uriagereka & G.
Mazzaggio (eds.). Special Issue “Syntactic Variation in Language Contact Situations. The view from an
I-Language Perspective” Languages 6. - 2019 Hurtado, M., I. Ortega-Santos. On the use of uno in Colombian Spanish: the role of transitivity.
Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12, 35-64. - 2016 A formal analysis of lip-pointing in Latin-American Spanish. Isogloss 2, 113-128.
- 2013 Microvariation in Spanish comparatives. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 12, 175-192.
- 2012 El habla pasiega: vitalidad y características actuales. A. M. Cestero Mancera, I. Molina Martos and F. Paredes-García, eds., La lengua, lugar de encuentro: Actas del XVI Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de la América Latina. Madrid: Universidad de Alcalá. 2061-2070.
- 2010 Prólogo (Foreword). Bernardo Colsa Lloreda, coord., Apuntes generales sobre el patrimonio
lingüístico cántabro. Santander, Spain: Gobierno de Cantabria and A.D.I.C. 10-11.
Limits on word order variation
While word order variation are pervasive in natural language (e.g, to form questions as in ‘I see a car’ vs. ‘What do you see?’, not all logical combinations of word order are attested (e.g., out of the sentence ‘I see a car and a bike’, you cannot form the question ‘What do you see a car and?’). What are the restrictions on word order variation across languages? Why do those restrictions exist? The following publications focus on these issues:
- 2019 Ortega-Santos, I., L. Reglero and J. Franco. Wh-Islands in L2 Spanish and L2 English: Between
Poverty of the Stimulus and Data Assessment. Fontes Lingvæ Vasconvm stvdia et docvmenta 126, 435-471. - 2011 On Relativized Minimality, Memory and Cue-based Parsing. Iberia: International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 3, 35-64.
Subjecthood
The behavior of syntactic subjects across languages has received quite some attention. Among other publication on this issue (see CV), my book Focus-related Operations at the Right Edge in Spanish: Subjects and Ellipsis, published by John Benjamins focuses on this issue as well as ellipsis. The book discusses the following issues:
- corrective focus
- labeling & the syntax of subjects (Chomsky 2013 and subsequent work) and the EPP in general
- mechanisms to generate focused subjects at the right edge of the sentence
- null expletives
- non-restructuring subject control structures, causatives, perceptual ECM and small clause ECM constructions
- ellipsis (Wh-Stripping, Gapping and Multiple Sluicing)
- the relationship between phases and ellipsis
- rightward movement
- the Linear Correspondence Axion (Kayne 1994, 2013) as a defeasible constraint (López 2009)
You can find the book preview here.
The book has been reviewed by Timothy Gupton (see here) and Maria Bañares Carrió (see here).
See also the book Data Representativity and Granularity in Spanish Syntax, (Routledge, 2024).
Ellipsis
Elliptical constructions, where part of the structure goes unpronounced as in the second clause in ‘I will go home and you will, too,’ has received particular attention when attempting to determine whether the unpronounced part has real syntax or structure. The following publications focus on this issue:
- 2016 Focus-related Operations at the Right Edge in the Grammar of Spanish: Subjects and Ellipsis.
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. - 2014 Ortega-Santos, I., M. Yoshida, C. Nakao. On ellipsis structures involving a wh-remnant and a
non-wh-remnant simultaneously. Lingua 138, 55-85.
2014 Yoshida, M., C. Nakao, I. Ortega-Santos. The syntax of Why-Stripping. Natural Language and
Linguistic Theory 33, 323-370. - 2014 Yoshida, M., C. Nakao, I. Ortega-Santos. Ellipsis. Andrew Carnie, Yosuke Sato, Dan Siddiqi,
eds., Routledge Handbook of Syntax. London: Routledge.192-213. - 2013 Nakao, C., M. Yoshida, I. Ortega-Santos. On the structure of Japanese ‘Why’-Stripping. Nobu
Goto, Koichi Otaki, Atsushi Sato and Kensuke Takita, eds., Proceedings of GLOW in Asia IX 2012. Tsu City, Japan: MIE University. 199-212. - 2012 Nakao, C., M. Yoshida, I. Ortega-Santos. On the syntax of Why-Stripping. Nathan Arnett and Ryan Bennett, eds., Proceedings of the 30th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 30). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla University Press. 270-280.
The relationship between gesture and syntax
Gesture in general and its relation to syntax in the Hispanic world is an understudied area. My research has focused on so-called lip-pointing (pointing with the lips), attested in various varieties of Latin American Spanish as well as in a number of indigenous languages from this area. My research provides the first detailed syntactic analysis of this phenomenon and outlines a research agenda for future work on this issue:
- 2016 A formal analysis of lip-pointing in Latin-American Spanish. Isogloss 2, 113-128.
Educational Interpreting of Spoken Languages
- 2023 Educational Interpreting of Spoken Languages in the U.S. Ruiz Miyares, L.
(ed.) Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Social Communication. Santiago de Cuba.
Santiago de Cuba: Center for Applied Linguistics. 252-256.