Demise of Public Transportation
The development of the automobile and the subsequent decline of public transportation certainly created an entirely new culture of accessibility and freedom. With an automobile, each traveler was in charge of his own destiny: he left and arrived as he pleased. Maybe he stopped for a piece of gum, maybe not. It is easy to see how the automobile instantly became the desire, perfectly representing the American future. Paved roads developed with the help of public funding to increase drivability to the suburbs and farms. All the while, railways, streetcars and trolleys were falling into bankruptcy due to inflation, lack of demand and the inability to increase fare rate. “Americans taxed and harassed public transportation, even while subsidizing the automobile like a pampered child.” (pg. 170) The car would became a “prerequisite to survival” in American culture, and it remains so today. Many modern annoyances stem from the fact that each person has her own car. I can’t tell you how many times I have declined an invitation to go downtown because I did not want to deal with parking. I couldn’t begin to list the myriad of colorful words I have uttered during road construction and traffic jams. Meanwhile, local public transportation still flounders. Currently, five local MATA routes may get the axe due to lack of public funds.
Local organization protests route cuts
The Persistence of Racial Segregation
The other unavoidable topic in the Jackson reading is the clear desire for racial segregation by the housing authorities. On page 191, Jackson wonders if the American government was “anxious to use its power and resources for the social control of ethnic and racial minorities.” As we read on, we see that he has good reason to wonder. The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) came on the scene in the midst of the Great Depression to assist with urban housing needs. This organization quickly instituted a very specific method of rating property value. In the map below (which I felt inclined to color code so I could get a better visual), the city of Saint Louis is divided into sections graded A-D, A being the most “desirable” and homogenous, and D representing neighborhoods of varied ethnicity.
Color coded map of 1937 Saint Louis from Jackson, pg 199. D(pink) are the “least desirable” areas, usually black neighborhoods. C (orange) are declining neighborhoods, B (green) would be considered mostly desirable by the HOLC, and A (blue) represent affluent homogeneously white areas
This map reminded me a great deal of a series of maps I saw within the past year. For congruency, I will include the map of modern Saint Louis, broken down by racial makeup.
A map showing the segregation currently existing in Saint Louis. Blue represents black households and red represents white households.
In Saint Louis, racial segregation may even be more pronounced now than it was in 1937, with a large concentration of African American households still located near the Mississippi river.
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) provided mortgage insurance to those purchasing houses, but were very selective in their choosing. The organization was very concerned with “inharmonious racial or nationality groups” and therefore would often not insure a black home-buyer in a white neighborhood, and vice versa. Although the FHA was intended to improve housing standards, it clearly excluded those most in need, providing a large amount of its services to suburban areas. With many of these policies existing well into the 1960s and 1970s, we have very little reason to be surprised by segregation of neighborhoods and schools that exists in our communities today.
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This post really highlights the heavy impact of transportation and housing policies on society. It’s like how fat jokes might seem lighthearted, but they often carry deeper meanings—just like the enduring issues of segregation and isolation revealed here. Thanks for shedding light on such an important topic!
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It’s frustrating but important to see how history connects to current issues like transit cuts, school segregation, and unequal access to opportunity. Thanks for breaking it down so clearly—definitely gave me a lot to think about (almost like when you look up summertime saga cheatsand realize how many hidden layers there are behind a simple game—it’s all about what’s built into the system).
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